Dure
1The field
Tae Yoon Moon · taeyoonmoon@uos.ac.kr
© 2026 Tae Yoon Moon. All rights reserved. Illustrations and text may not be reused without permission.
Dure
Cooperate through messaging.Dure: the Korean tradition of mutual aid between farmers.

A good harvestis not a good price.

Ermera, Timor-Leste — the coffee highlands

Noor is an ambitious mother growing coffee on the slopes of Letefoho, Timor-Leste. She's capable. But is the market treating her well?

Timor-Leste Timor Sea Wetar Strait
Where she farms

Ermera grows close to half of Timor-Leste's coffee. The buyers who pay properly are in Dili.

Who buys Ermera's coffee
0%
bought by just four traders in the capital (survey of 100 farmers, 2014).
— Cristovão, Bogor Agricultural University, 2015
And when it rains

“Recent heavy rains have damaged many roads and bridges in the country, disrupting people's access to markets.”

— Asian Development Bank, Timor-Leste
Flood.
Landslide.
Harvest season

Noor has harvested fine Timor-Leste coffee. She needs cash within three days to pay her daughter's school fees.

Monsoon

Timor-Leste's rainy season is notorious. And no truck from Dili will risk the road.

Unfair pricing

One trader's truck makes it up the hill. He names his price. She can't check it, and there's no one else to ask.

The magic of cooperation

Noor isn't the only one on that road. Her neighbours are carrying coffee baskets too.

Collective bargaining

More farmers, more bargaining power. Only the quantity went up, yet the price got better. This is cooperation. This is Dure.

Cooperative is the way to go.
58%

of 239 studies found that farmer organisations raised their members' incomes.

Bizikova et al., “A scoping review of the contributions of farmers' organizations to smallholder agriculture”, Nature Food, 2020
How cooperatives work
One

Bargaining power

One farm takes the price it's given. A full truck names its own.

Two

One route to market

One shipment to where the fair prices are, instead of every family making the trip.

SEED
Three

Buying together

Seed, fertiliser and transport cost less, bought for twenty farms at once.

The reality
“Farmers who are already marginalized … require additional support before they are able to benefit.”
Bizikova et al., Nature Food, 2020
So why isn't she benefiting from the Letefoho coffee cooperative?
Running a cooperative in Timor-Leste is not easy.
Time
3–4 yrs

From recruiting members to the legal paperwork, with slow administration at every step.

Capital
$1,000

A typical coffee household earns about $250 a year. $1,000 is a lot.

Structure
15

Founders to start. Then a cooperative needs an assembly, elections and an audit body.

And then
power.

Women farmers are easily left out.

A cooperative formed under a KOICA agricultural value-chain project, Timor-Leste; Decree-Law No. 16/2004 on cooperatives. Coffee income: survey of coffee-dependent households in Ermera, reported by The Irish Times, 2013.
For a while, it was one village.
Members
Opposition
Power game.
One.The cooperative copies the village pecking order.
Two.Joining stops being a choice.
Three.Whoever is left out undercuts prices to sink it.

The benefits are real. Getting there is slow, expensive and exclusive, and it ends in a fight over power.

Introducing
Cooperating through messages.

Dure works just like a cooperative. A simple text from any phone is all it takes to help Noor get a fair price.

What stays

  • Pooling the harvest
  • Buyers bidding for the whole lot
  • One shared truck and pickup point
  • A record that earns trust

What goes

  • A legal entity
  • $1,000 in share capital
  • Fifteen founders who must agree
  • A board to run, a leader to fight over
Any phone. No internet. No app.SMS has been around since 1992. Dure works even on an old Nokia, and its central server pairs a small AI with a rules engine, so it runs cheaply and accurately.
What if the village kept the cooperative's advantages, but dropped the cooperative?
Step 1 of 8

Noor · farmer, Letefoho
Dure AI▮▮▮
12 abc3 def4 ghi5 jkl6 mno7 pqrs8 tuv9 wxyz*0#
A buyer · coffee exporter, Dili
9:41▲ ▮
D
Dure AISMS · +670
Text message
Illustrative example — names, volumes and prices are not real data.
Understands TetumGrades coffeeMakes the market
Measures trustTwo markets
9 · From the slope to the ministry

An automated Registry and AI policy suggestions.

A farmer Registry is important and effective, but labour-intensive and expensive to keep. Dure works as a market itself, and every deal leaves a footprint. So the Registry builds itself.

1 · Daily accumulated trades 2 · Data analysis 3 · Monday's brief

Policy makers and extension officers get accurate, good-quality information on limited resources.

AI is not a silver bullet. Noor knows farming better than Dure, so Dure stays out of how she farms. But when the extension officer visits Noor twice a year, they can make the best of it.

Open the sample Registry → Synthetic data for eight weeks in Letefoho.

10 · Tetum Benchmark Index

How well does AI read Tetum texts?

Tetum is one of the languages large language models overlook most. Pairing Qwen's small AI with a rules engine, Dure reads Tetum texts close to the level of a large model.

Durerules engine + small model
80%
works with no server · $0.01 per 1,000 texts
Claude Haiku 4.5large model, over the internet
87%
needs server and network · $0.53–2.15 per 1,000 texts
Small model aloneQwen2.5-0.5B, fine-tuned
75%
~2 s per text · $0.02 per 1,000 texts
Rules engine aloneno model, instant
70%
works with no server · $0
Untrained small modelQwen2.5-0.5B, examples only
7%
why training matters

Method. Test set: 60 SMS (44 Tetum, 16 English) written independently by Claude Sonnet, not by us, and frozen before any reader was scored. Exact match: crop, quantity, grade, price and intent must all be right. English subset: 16/16 for Dure. A second set of 80 texts we wrote, including questions: rules engine 98%, with the small model 99%. Yes/no replies: 100% on both. The rules engine scores 78% after our latest update (v2.1). Costs: API list prices; sending 1,000 SMS costs $30–$150, so reading them adds less than 1%. Measured 4 Oct 2026.

11 · Field problems

What are the real field problems?

The road washes out.

Dure books the truck and the pickup point. It can't fix the road, and doesn't pretend to.

Who sees the records?

Farmers' names and numbers stay with Dure. The ministry's Registry shows pseudonymous IDs and village totals, and only for farmers who said yes.

The power or the server goes down.

The rules engine keeps taking offers by text. The small model rechecks them later, and any change goes back to the farmer to confirm.

Electricity is a real problem in Timor-Leste.

40%of firms had power cuts in a year, losing 9.4% of sales.World Bank Enterprise Survey, 2015
24 houtages in Viqueque. Dili's hospital runs on generators each time.Tatoli, 2022–23
36%of Dili customers never report an outage.TANE survey, 2022

Dure always has a backup plan.

A rules engine reads every text instantly, with no model to load. Only the texts it isn't sure about go to the small model. If the server or the power fails, the rules engine keeps the pool open.

Cooperate through messaging.
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